[41] Due to royal patronage by various Tamil dynasties from the early classical to medieval era, the temple flourished in the early centuries of the First Millennium. [57] Along with Ketheeswaram temple in Mannar, Koneswaram temple is praised in the same literature canon by the 8th century Nayanar Saint Sundarar in Tamilakkam. It is in the middle of the ocean and is worshipped by all the worlds. Taniyappan, a merchant from Padavikulam, laid a foundation stone for a Siva temple there. The temple is situated atop Konesar Malai, a promontory that overlooks the Indian Ocean, the nearby eastern coast (the Trincomalee District), as well as Trincomalee Harbour or Gokarna Bay. They depict a seated figure of Shiva (in the form of Somaskanda), Shiva as Chandrasekhar, his consort goddess Parvati, the goddess Mathumai Ambal and Lord Ganesh. The name ‘Konam’ is believed to have come from the Old Tamil word meaning ‘peak’. Patanjali famously visited the Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, where he wrote the Charana Shrungarahita Stotram on Nataraja. Share. [52] This latter temple to the goddess â€“ Ambal/Uma/Shakti/Shankari Devi â€“ was one of the 18 Maha Shakthi Peethas, those Shakti Peethas consecrated to the goddess which are mentioned in the Ashta Dasa Shakthi Peetha Stotram by the Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara (788—820). [34] Kaviraja Varothiyan's Tamil poem inscribed on the Konesar Kalvettu, the 17th century stone inscription chronicle of the temple, gives the shrine's date of birth as circa 1580 B.C. [52], The Yalpana Vaipava Malai and Konesar Kalvettu, as well as a 16th-century Tamil inscription in Trincomalee The prediction reads "O King! ABOUT US. On the second day of the festival there is a procession to the Pathirakalai Ambal Temple where the images are kept for the evening. [16], The ethnographer Megasthenes writing in his Indica from 350 to 290 B.C., describes the island as being divided by a long river, productive of a large number of gold and pearls in one half and that the inhabitants of this country are called Paleogoni, meaning Old Goni in Tamil and Greek, who Pliny adds worshipped Hercules and Dionysus (Bacchus) like the Pandyans of Tamilakam. Trade coins and the coins of Tranquebar, 1620–1845", pp. Upon her death, the prince shut himself inside the pagoda of Swami rock, and was later found translated into a golden lotus on the Shiva altar.[5][24]. Tenavaram temple. He was the son of the king Vara Rama Tevan, who had been a prolific benefactor of the Konesar temple. [100] The Koneswaram Poongavanam Festival – the Temple Garden Festival is held during this twenty-two-day festival period. The final monument of the temple complex was destroyed two years later in 1624. The Portuguese period", Vol. [46][47] The Portuguese historian De Quieroz cited poetic and inscriptional evidence to date Kullakottan's renovations to 1589 B.C., based on a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan he read which was translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty. The name of the temple in Tamil means the “Temple of the Original Lord of Konesvaram”. [27], In Kanda Puranam, the epic authored by Kachiyappa Sivachariar, Koneswaram is venerated as one of the three foremost Shiva abodes in the world, alongside Thillai Chidambaram Temple and Mount Kailash. The Federal Party withdrew its support to the government following that action. [78] King Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan (1380—1410 A.D.) had the traditional history of the temple compiled as a chronicle in verse, entitled Dakshina Kailasa Puranam, known today as the Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram Temple. The shrine is described in the Vayu Purana, the Konesar Kalvettu and Tevaram hymns by Sambandhar and Sundarar as a Paadal Petra Sthalam along with its west coast Ishwaram counterpart Ketheeswaram temple, Mannar, and was praised for its tradition by Arunagirinathar upon his visit. They cite and interpret historical information of three Pagodas at the Koneswaram site as alluding to Buddhist temples. Kulakkottan visited the Munneswaram temple on the west coast, before settling ancient Vanniars in the east of the island. [10][11], Greek writer Strabo, quoting Eratosthenes and Onesicritus notes the island's proximity to the southernmost regions of India, next to the country of the "Koniakoi people," found south up to a coastal promontory on an eastern limit, and describes the island as extending towards Ethiopia and being home to elephants. Trincomalee witnessed several naval battles of Europe's Thirty Years' War under Phillip II's man Filipe de Oliveira. Some historians describe this story as a conflation with practices that Queyroz claimed occurred with pilgrims at the site as idol worshiping sailors venerated the site from the sea. The last rites during the funeral of King Bhuvanekabahu VII of Kotte, a Hindu monarch who signed all of his official proclamations in Tamil were conducted at Koneswaram in 1551. pp. c.401 B.C. Connected at the mouth of the Mahavilli Ganga River to the footprint of Shiva at Sivan Oli Padam Malai at the river's source, the temple symbolically crowns the flow of the Ganges River from Shiva's head of Mount Kailash to his feet. Its traditional history and legends were compiled into the Sanskrit treatises Dakshina Kailasa Puranam â€“ Sthala Puranam of Koneswaram, written in 1380 by Jeyaveera Cinkaiariyan, and the Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam â€“ three chapters of the Skanda Puranam of unknown antiquity â€“ manuscripts of which have been discovered and dated from the 5th â€“ 7th century. "[42] He describes three temples of the compound on the promontory, stating that pilgrims leaped from the last temple into the ocean in sacrifice to their idols. The Temple is places on a hilly rock surrounded by sea from three sides. Thereafter the deities are taken to the temple early morning the next day on Puthandu by road through the Fort Frederick entrance. There he notes on his visit on 31 May, the "name of Francina van Reede, daughter of the late Commissaris Generaal van Reede was found cut on a shaft, with the year 1687, which shows that she too came as far as this. The shrine was attacked and destroyed on April 14, 1622 CE, the, No ceremonies were permitted to take place on Swami Rock until, Some of the artefacts from the demolished temple, including De Sa de Noronha's translation of the prophesy sent to Portugal, are kept in the Ajuda Library of, The Koneswaram temple is well known for its celebration of the traditional Ther chariot festival, the, An annual three day procession follows Maha Sivarathri Day, observed every year since 1951 following the rediscovery of the bronze idols in 1950. "[42] In his dispatch to Philip III, King of Portugal, Constantine described: "The land of the Pagoda is 600 fathoms long (1.2 km) and 80 feet at its broadest, narrowing to 30 feet. The New international encyclopaedia, Volume 22. pp. Koneswaram is the easternmost shrine of the 5 ancient, In the 6th century CE, a special coastal route by boat travelled from the, Trincomalee figured prominently during the medieval golden age of the Tamil. Some also call it ‘Aathi Koneswaram, where ‘Aathi’ is the Tamil word for ancient. The annual Koneswaram Temple Ther Thiruvilah festival involves the Bhadrakali temple of Trincomalee, the Pavanasam Theertham at the preserved Papanasuchunai holy well and the proximal Back Bay Sea (Theertham Karatkarai) surrounding Konesar Malai. The latter's reign is alternatively attributed to between 1580 B.C. [5] The effects of this saw the Vanni region flourish. "[44] 350 years after its destruction, Sri Lankan Tamil Hindu people of Trincomalee organised the temple restoration committee to restore the temple; the old images were reinstalled amid opening ceremonies in the newly restored shrine on 3 March 1963. Devotees hold, According to one Hindu legend, Shiva at Koneswaram was worshipped by, Another tradition holds that during his rule in 113 CE, King, A temple dedicated to a deity in "Gokarna" city is mentioned in a 5th century CE religious and historical literary work called, Sri Lanka has had a history of conflict between its minority Hindu Tamils and majority Sinhalese Buddhists since its political independence from, Shiva temple front gate with the bell tower, திà®°ுக் கோணேச்சரம் கோயில், ஆயிà®°à®®் கால் மண்டபம், Idol recovery, ruins and 20th century reconstruction, Livro das plantas das fortalezas cidades e povoaçois do Estado da India Oriental. The enterprise was abandoned. Smaller shrines within the complex to Ganesh, Durga, Murukan, Agastya, and the Navagraha including the sun god Surya would have been customary near the main shrine in the centre to Shiva â€“ the Murukan shrine is hailed at large in the Thiruppugazh series of Arunagirinathar. Eratosthenes' "Geography". pp. Koneswaram was likely founded before 400 B.C., although its exact date of birth remains vague. This pilrimage path of 225 km (140 mi) is often traversed by foot according to Hindu custom. [107] It was also based on an assertion made by historian Senarath Paranavithana in reading a 13th-century Sanskrit donative inscription in Grantha Tamil script made by a Chodaganga Deva found in the Hindu temple's premises. It is of great height, constructed with wonderful skill in blackish granite, on a rock projecting into the sea, and occupies a large space on the summit. The Sinhalese king Gajabahu II who ruled Polonnaruwa from 1131 to 1153 AD is described in the Konesar Kalvettu as a devout worshipper of Lord Shiva and a benefactor of the temple of Konamalai. Koneswaram temple very famous hindu temple in Sri lanka திருக் கோணேச்சரம் கோயில் https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koneswaram_temple Ravana is believed to have brought the swayambhu lingam in the temple to Koneswaram, one of sixty-nine such lingams he carried from Mount Kailash. [15] It continues that the shrine is the next pilgrimage spot for Hindus en route south following Kanyakumari of the early Pandyan kingdom and Tamiraparni island (Kudiramalai) and that worshipers should fast for three days at the temple. Pgs 43-44. Among the visitors were King Singai Pararasasegaram and his successor King Cankili I. [45] In the same time period, the Ramayana in written form describes how King Ravana and his mother had worshipped Shiva at the shrine, when the former wanted to remove the temple of Koneswaram when his mother was in ailing health. A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit ..., Volume 1. p.285, Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1987). [14][94] These ruins, as well as the pillar on Swami Rock, display Tamil, Pallava, and Chola architectural influence of the 3rd–9th century era. [81] By the end of 1619, a small Danish fleet had arrived at Trincomalee; in May 1620, the Danes occupied Koneswaram temple and began works for the fortification of the peninsula before being defeated. According to legend, this large natural stone obelisk was one of 69 naturally occurring lingams from time immemorial originally found on Mount Kailash of Tibet and housed in Koneswaram by King Raavan – his most sacred power object from mythological times. Corroborating the map of Ptolemy drawn four hundred years later, this text also elaborates on two ashrams of the Siddhar Agastya in the region, one near the bay and another atop the Malaya mountain range. notes that Koneswaram is at Gokarna bay, in the middle of the ocean and is the island shrine of Uma's consort Shiva, known in the three worlds and worshiped by all peoples from the subcontinent, including the native tribes Naga, Deva and the Yaksha, the rivers, ocean and mountains. The Thirukonasala Mahatyam, describing the origins of the world, Lanka and Koneswaram based on puranic legends is now lost. It mentions that Mahasena (334–361) a Mahayanist zealot known for his temple destructions, who ruled a central kingdom of the island from the southern city of Anuradhapura destroyed temples dedicated to a deity in Gokarna and built Buddhist Viharas in its place. ; the cleft of Swami Rock is attributed to Ravana's great strength. [5][50][51] Kullakottan's restorations took place despite interferences from the queen of the Pandyan King Pandia, who was absent from his throne in Anuradhapura on a visit to Jaffna. [42] In his dispatch to Philip III, King of Portugal, Constantine described: "The land of the Pagoda is 600 fathoms long and 80 feet at its broadest, narrowing to 30 feet." Barner Jensen, U. Kalinga region in India, where another temple dedicated to Shiva in the form Gokarnasvamin at Mahendra mountains is found. On the summit of the Rock, known as the Swami Rock or the Three SwamiRock, was the "temple of unusual size and splendor, renowned through the wholeof India," the temple which was razed to the ground and despoiled by thePortuguese in 1624. [15], The Trincomalee Harbour, a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is referred to as Ko-Kannam or "Lord's Cheek", alluding to the cheek shape of Shiva's bull Nandi. [36] The Yalpana Vaipava Malai, an 18th-century Tamil chronicle connects the figure Vijaya and seven hundred of his followers to the shrine, stating they extensively repaired the five Iswarams upon their arrival to the island, before mixing with native tribes on the island forming matrimonial links with the Tamil kingdom through Pandyan queens. and 1250. Perniola, V. "The Catholic church in Sri Lanka. Kullakottan reconstructed the Three Pagodas of Thirukonamalai, the other two dedicated to Vishnu-Thirumal and that of the Mother-Goddess (Tirukkamakkottam â€“ a consort of Shiva) on the promontory over a far greater area than at present. This lingam was reinstalled at the Koneswaram site. Retrieved 2012-08-15. The girl's father was Hendrik van Rheede, commander of Jaffna during Dutch Ceylon, and sailed from Trincomalee to Point Pedro on 23 April 1687. [22] Koneswaram has attracted thousands of pilgrims from across Asia, its Shiva shrine mentioned in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata written from 400 to 100 B.C. He shipped stone blocks from Trincomalee to the temple of Rameswaram to renovate its sanctum sanctorum. The gods underwent austerities there, in a desire to attain greatness. Booths are erected outside for the sale of food, drink, brassware, pottery, cloth and holy images. (K. Indrapala, Epigraphia Tamilica, Jaffna Archeological Society, 1971 â€“ page 34). A committee appointed by a Federal Party Minister to study the viability of declaring the site protected was disbanded without consultation by the Prime Minister at the time, Dudley Senanayake, after receiving a letter of complaint from a prominent Buddhist monk who objected because the temple area would "get into the hands" of those "who are neither Sinhalese or Buddhist". It has been preserved through restorations, most recently in the 1950s. [53] C. Rasanayagam notes that the Vanniar chiefs who were in control of the temple could not have multiplied so fast within 150 years causing the king Aggrabodhi I of Anuradhapura to take elaborate steps to contain the Vanniars in 593. "Danish East India. The mercantile groups referred to were the Ticai Aayirattu Ain Nurruvar (Velupillai, Ceylon Tamil Inscriptions, 1971) and the Ayyavole. Occurring in three stages, on each day of the festival, the images of the chief deity Konesar, the presiding consort goddess Mathumai Amman, Ganesh and Murugan are brought from Swami Rock to the entrance of Fort Fredrick in decorated Ther temple cars before being paraded through the whole Periyakadai of the Trincomalee town. The complex also lies on exactly the same longitude as Mount Kailash. Construction of Hindu temples was made possible due to the prevalent faith amongst the locals and mercantile communities in the region during the Sangam period. In that region also is the lake of Gokarna. Jonathan Forbes, George Turnour. [7], Some of the artefacts from the demolished temple, including De Sa de Noronha's translation of the prophecy sent to Portugal, are kept in the Ajuda Library of Lisbon (Bibliotheca da Ajuda), along with a painting and map of the original shrine. [110][111][112][113] According to journalists like T. Sabaratnam, this incident had negative repercussions towards the future co-operation between Tamil and Sinhalese communities. The Sanskrit equivalent of the port town's harbour bay is Go-Karna, meaning "Cow's Ear" or Gokarna Pattana and the deity's name Gokarneswara or Go—Natha in Sanskrit. [95][96] The Vishnu-Thirumal temple was likely the first temple encountered on the promontory â€“ and is mentioned in Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën written in 1726 by François Valentijn. An oracle had declared that over the dominions of one of the kings of the Deccan impended a great peril which could only be averted by the sacrifice of his infant daughter, who was committed to the sea on an ark of sandalwood, eventually reaching the island, south of Trincomalee at a place that in the mid 19th century was still called ’’Pālanakai’’ (smiling infant), current Panagai. According to the Sri Lankan history this temple was built 2500 years ago. [5][55], Sambandar, Tevaram. Copyright 1994. It is situated 24 kilometers from the town of Trincomalee. [7][22] According to this tradition, his father-in-law Maya built the Ketheeswaram temple in Mannar. describe at length its attraction to pilgrims from many countries and from 600 to 660, it has been glorified as one of 275 Shiva Sthalams, or holy Shiva dwellings on the continent in Tevaram. Koneswaram gains its name from the main deity of the temple, the Hindu God Shiva. It is already cited and you removed it. The Sakta Pithas. Historical records from closer to the period indicate Francina van Reede remarried in 1694. The deity and other holy artefacts are bathed in the water of the well in the complex's sacred precincts. [115][116], திருக்கோணேச்சரம், Decorated gateway at partially restored Koneswaram (left). [114] The temple and its environs are currently occupied by the Sri Lankan Army, which maintains a base at Fort Frederick. Koneswaram Temple, Trincomalee – History Koneswaram Temple, Trincomalee – History. The evidence extant attests to the shrine's classical antiquity. Book your tickets online for Koneswaram Temple, Trincomalee: See 912 reviews, articles, and 1,310 photos of Koneswaram Temple, ranked No.2 on Tripadvisor among 38 attractions in Trincomalee. "[53] The complex stretches across Konesar Road off the promontory, and includes shrines to Ganesh, Murukan and Bhadrakali. Contemporary historians such as S. Pathmanathan and Paul E. Peiris suggest Koneswaram temple has a recorded history from 300, when it finds mention in the Vayu Purana. The Encyclopædia Britannica currently appears to follow this view, although in volume 10 of the encyclopedia, printed in 1974, the shrine's establishment is attributed to Tamil migrants. As a result of this a cleft was created on the rock, today called Ravana Vettu â€“ meaning Ravana's Cleft. After being adopted by the king of the district, she succeeded over his dominions. Other Koneswaram statues that survived remain at the Ati Konanayakar temple. "[44] Pandyan king Jatavarman Veera Pandyan's insignia of the old Koneswaram temple and a portion of the prophetic inscription are seen today at the door entrance to Fort Fredrick.[7]. (1815). Abraham, Meera (1988). The construction time of Koneswaram has been estimated by comparison between carved reliefs on the temple's ruins, literature on the shrine and the inscriptions commonly used in royal charters from the 5th to 18th centuries. [37][38] Encyclopedia Americana and New International Encyclopedia note that early Tamil rulers erected the temple of a thousand columns on the hilltop. Tenavaram temple. [21], Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailash of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the Tibetan mountain Mount Kailash (the primary abode of Shiva), Koneswaram's early black granite rock-cut architectural style shared similarities to Kailasanathar Temples of the subcontinent. Swami Rock at this time is described as "Kona ma-malai, around which the ocean waves swept pearls, gold, precious stones, and shells from the depth of the ocean and heaped them along the shore." Religious discourses and cultural items take place throughout the night before Puthandu at the Dutch Bay Sea beach. Unknown; earliest reference 6rd century BC, Founded as a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord, Temple restored by Kankan ("Kullakottan"), Restored by Society for restoration of Koneswaram, Trincomalee. This was administered by a member of the Tamil military caste â€“ the Velaikkarar, troops deployed to protect shrines in the state that were closely associated to King Ilankeshvarar Devar. Kullakottan constructed and re-established the large temple of Shiva, the temple of Vishnu and that of the Mother-Goddess (Tirukkamakkottam) on the promontory, these shrines of the compound becoming the Three Pagodas of Tirukonamalai. [54] Some consider the story of Kullakotan to be mythical based on the travails of historical figures such as Gajabahu II, Kalinga Magha or a Chola regent of Sri Lanka. [46][47], The Chola royal Kankan (Kulakkottan), a descendant of the legendary King Manu Needhi Cholan of Thiruvarur, Chola Nadu, restored the Koneswaram temple at Trincomalee and the Kantalai tank after finding them in ruins. Tirujnana Sambandar the Saivite saint of the 7th century ADfeatures the temple in his devotional hymns. On the final day of the festival, the large chariots are pulled back to Koneswaram along a route through Trincomalee, accompanied by traditional Nadeswaram and Thavil musicians.[101][102]. According to one Hindu legend, Shiva at Koneswaram was worshipped by Indra, king of the gods. A major temple of the compound was built to the glory of the God Videmal by King Manica Raja 1300 years before the nativity according to Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën written in 1726 by François Valentijn. The modern temple has been a source of conflict between the majority, Some scholars have suggested that the worship of the almighty god, The Trincomalee Koddiyar Bay, a circular natural harbour which the temple crowns towards the north, is sometimes referred to as, Heralded as "Dakshina Kailasam"/"Then Kailasam" (Kailash of the South) because it lies on exactly the same longitude as the, The exact date of the Koneswaram temple's birth is not universally agreed upon. First published 1840. Devotees hold Poorna kumbham outside their houses along the route and worship as the procession moves. A new church and village were built in and around the fort. Koneswaram lies on a straight diagonal path connected to Ketheeswaram and another former Jaffna temple and Paadal Petra Sthalam Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram. The Dakshina Kailasa Manmiam, a chronicle on the history of the temple, notes that the Sage Agastya proceeded from Vetharaniam in South India to the Parameswara Shiva temple at Tirukarasai â€“ now in ruins â€“ on the bank of the Mavilli Kankai before worshipping at Koneswaram; from there he went to Maha Tuvaddapuri to worship Lord Ketheeswarar and finally settled down on the Podiya Hills. The shrine of Muruga, adoring son of Konesar and his consort, was near one of the gopuram entrances of the complex.
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